1. Photovoltaic modules

Photovoltaic modules are the core power generation units of household photovoltaic systems, mainly composed of monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon or thin-film solar cells. Monocrystalline silicon modules, with a high conversion efficiency of 18% to 24% and a service life of over 25 years, have become the mainstream choice for home installations. Polycrystalline silicon modules occupy the mid-to-low-end market with their cost advantage. Thin-film modules are suitable for special scenarios such as curved roofs. Components are connected in series or parallel to form arrays, directly converting solar energy into direct current. The power configuration needs to be comprehensively designed based on the household electricity load and roof area.

2. Manifold box

The combiner box is an intermediate device connecting photovoltaic modules and inverters. Its main function is to converge the DC power output by multiple modules and then centrally supply it to the inverter. At the same time, it has safety protection functions such as overcurrent protection and lightning protection grounding. The distributed combiner box can also integrate an intelligent monitoring module to collect current and voltage data of each component string in real time. When component failure or shading occurs, the problem can be quickly located to ensure the stable operation of the system.

3. Energy storage and grid-connected equipment

Energy storage devices (such as lithium battery packs) are used to store excess electrical energy for use at night or during power outages, achieving "self-generation for self-consumption and surplus power fed to the grid". Grid-connected inverters are responsible for converting direct current into alternating current of the same frequency and phase as the power grid to meet the electricity demands of household loads. They also have functions such as anti-islanding protection and power factor regulation to ensure the safety of the power grid. Some systems are also equipped with bidirectional electricity meters to measure the amount of electricity fed into the grid and purchased, achieving intelligent interaction with the power grid.

4. Monitoring and Management System

The monitoring system collects real-time data such as power generation, voltage, current and temperature through sensors installed at key nodes like combiner boxes and inverters, and transmits it to the cloud platform via wireless communication. Users can view the system's operating status, power generation statistics, revenue analysis and other information through the mobile APP or computer terminal. The system can also automatically generate energy efficiency reports to optimize power generation efficiency. The intelligent management system can dynamically adjust the charging and discharging strategies based on weather forecasts and electricity usage habits. For instance, it can purchase electricity from the power grid for storage during off-peak hours and prioritize the use of stored electricity during peak hours, further reducing electricity costs.

Household photovoltaic systems, through the coordinated operation of various components, achieve efficient utilization and intelligent management of solar energy, and are the core solution for the green energy transformation of households.

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